Analysis of Heat Transfer Challenges in High-Viscosity Oils and Applications of Spiral Plate Heat Exchangers in the Palm Oil Industry

Amafutha esundu ayedabuka e-Afrika futhi aqala ukusetshenziswa njengesitshalo samafutha adliwayo ngabantu bendawo. Ngesikhathi sobukoloni, yethulwa e-Malaysia nase-Indonesia ukuze ilinywe-kakhulu. Ngezimo zezulu ezifanele kanye nokuthuthuka kwezimboni ngokushesha, iNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kancane kancane isiphenduke isifunda somhlaba sokukhiqiza uwoyela wesundu.

Namuhla, ukunikezwa kukawoyela wesundu emhlabeni wonke kugxile kakhulu, i-Indonesia njengomkhiqizi omkhulu futhi iMalaysia ingeyesibili ngobukhulu. Ngokuhlangene, zenza cishe ama-85% okunikezwayo komhlaba wonke. Ngenxa yalokho, imboni kawoyela wesundu isibe ngomunye wemikhakha esetshenziswa kakhulu yokushintshisana ukushisa kwemboni{3}}ekucutshungulweni kukawoyela we-viscosity.

Iketanga lenani likawoyela wesundu lihlanganisa ukutshala, ukugaya (ukukhipha uwoyela), ukucwengwa, ukuhlukaniswa, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-biodiesel.

Kodwa-ke, ama-heaters asetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ezigabeni zokucubungula. Imisebenzi yokutshala ihilela cishe akukho zinhlelo zokushintshanisa ukushisa, kuyilapho ezigayweni zikawoyela wesundu, izishintshisi zokushisa zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni inzalo, ukucaciswa kukawoyela, nezinqubo zokupholisa.

Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ukushisisa kwesitimu namasistimu amanzi okupholisa, kodwa umthwalo wokushisa nobunkimbinkimbi benqubo kulinganiselwe.

Ngokuphambene, izindawo zokuhluza uwoyela wesundu zimelela ingxenye enkulu yokushisa-eshintsha{1}}ingxenye enkulu yayo yonke imboni. Kubandakanya izinqubo eziningi ezibalulekile ezifana nokushisisa kwangaphambili kukawoyela ongahluziwe, ukutholwa kokushisa,{3}}ukupholisa uwoyela ngezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, kanye namasistimu wokufingqa uwoyela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinqubo eziyinhloko zokucwenga zihlanganisa ukukhipha i-degumming, i-neutralization (i-deacidification), i-bleaching, kanye nokuqeda iphunga.

Ngasinye salezi zigaba sidinga ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa okunembile kanye nokusebenza kahle kakhulu kokudlulisa ukushisa. Ikakhulukazi, inqubo yokuqeda iphunga isebenza ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa eziphezulu kanye nezimo ze-vacuum, ibeka izidingo eziphezulu kakhulu ekuzinzeni kwesishintshi sokushisa, -ukusebenza okungalungile, kanye{2}}nokuthembeka kokusebenza kwesikhathi eside.

I-fractionation ingesinye isigaba esishisa kakhulu-, esisetshenziswa kakhulu ukulawula izinga lokushisa libe yikristalu nokuncibilika kwamafutha esundu. Le nqubo ibandakanya izinguquko zesigaba samafutha{2}}e-viscosity aphezulu futhi idinga ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisa ukushisa nokusebenza{3}}okuvimbayo.

Ngokombono wesakhiwo esiwuketshezi, uwoyela wesundu kanye nokuphuma kwawo (okufana ne-RBD Palm Oil) kubonisa ukuziphatha okujwayelekile{0}}kwe-viscosity, ikakhulukazi emazingeni okushisa aphansi lapho i-viscosity ikhula kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwama-wax, ukungcola, kanye nezinhlayiya eziqinile ezingase zibe khona noma izinsalela ze-fibrous zenza kube nzima ukudluliswa kokushisa.

Lezi zici zivame ukuholela ekungcoleni, ekuvinjweni, nasekuziphatheni kokugeleza okungazinzile. Emisebenzini yangempela, izinkinga ezivamile zihlanganisa ukwehla kwengcindezi eyengeziwe, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisa ukushisa, imijikelezo yokuhlanza evame kakhulu, nokuvalwa okungahleliwe.

Ngakho-ke, ezinhlelweni zokucwenga uwoyela wesundu kanye nezinhlaka, izishintshisi zokushisa azizona nje izinto ezishisayo zokudlulisa ukushisa kodwa futhi ziyisici esibalulekile esithonya ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphelele nokuzinza kokusebenza.

Ngezimo zokusebenza{{0}ezibonakalayo eziphakeme{1}}ezivamile, izishintshisi zokushisa ze-spiral plate zibonisa izinzuzo ezibalulekile embonini kawoyela wesundu. Isakhiwo sazo esiyinhloko siwumklamo oqhubekayo-wokugeleza kwesiteshi esisodwa, lapho uketshezi lunyakaza ngokuqhubekayo endleleni e-spiral ngaphakathi kwempahla.

Lokhu kuqeda izindawo ezifile ezivame ukutholakala kugobolondo lendabuko-kanye{1}}nezishintshisi zokushisa zamashubhu, ukuvimbela ukuvela kwezinhlayiyana. Ngaleso sikhathi, isiteshi esivunguzayo sidala ukugeleza kwesibili okuqhubekayo kanye nesiyaluyalu, sidala "umphumela{3}}wokubhoboza" oqhubekayo ohlanza indawo yokudlulisa ukushisa, enciphisa ngempumelelo ukwakheka kokungcola futhi ande ngokuphawulekayo imijikelezo yokusebenza kuyilapho kuthuthukiswa{4}}isikhathi eside ukusebenza kahle kokushisa.

Ukwengeza, izishintshi zokushisa zamapuleti ayi-spiral zinikeza idizayini ehlangene enekhono eliphezulu lokudlulisa ukushisa, futhi ukusebenza kwazo kukonke kuvame ukuba phezulu kunegobolondo elivamile-kanye{1}}nama-tube exchanger uma uphatha{2}}imidiya ye-viscosity ephezulu.

Izishintshi zokushisa zamapuleti okuvunguza zanamuhla nazo zingaklanywa njengezakhiwo ezihlukanisekayo. Ngesikhathi sokulungiswa, amashaneli okugeleza angavulwa ngokugcwele ukuze ahlanzeke ngaphakathi, asekele kokubili{1}}ukuhlanza indiza yamanzi enengcindezi ephezulu kanye nokuxubha ngemishini.

Izimo zokungcola kwangaphakathi zingabuye zihlolwe ngokubonakalayo, kuvinjwe{0}}ukwakheka okubi kwesikhathi eside okungase kwehlise izinga lokudluliswa kokushisa. Lesi sici sibaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezihluza uwoyela wesundu, ezisebenza njengamasistimu okukhiqiza aqhubekayo lapho isikhathi sokuphumula sibiza kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukugcinwa kunquma ngokuqondile umnotho wokusebenza jikelele.

Mayelana nokuncintisana kwezimakethe zomhlaba, abadlali abaphambili embonini yokushisisa ukushisa eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia nasemhlabeni jikelele bahlanganisa i-Alfa Laval ne-Hisaka Works, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zemikhiqizo yamazwe ngamazwe ezisunguliwe. Eminyakeni yamuva, abakhiqizi baseShayina abashintsha ukushisa benze inqubekelaphambili enkulu ekuhlangenwe nakho kobunjiniyela kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. Ikakhulukazi, baye bahlakulela amakhono aqinile ekuphatheni{2}}imidiya ye-viscosity ephezulu,{3}}idizayini yesakhiwo esilimazayo, nokuthuthukisa izindleko.

Imikhiqizo yaseShayina emelwe i-UKADA iqongelele cishe iminyaka engu-40 yesipiliyoni sobunjiniyela, yazuza{1}}izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinkulu emikhakheni yezimboni eziningi, futhi kancane kancane yanda emakethe yamafutha esundu yaseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia. Banikeza izinzuzo zokuncintisana kukho kokubili ukwakheka kwezindleko kanye nesikhathi sokuhola sokulethwa ngenkathi kugcinwa ukusebenza okuqinile kwemishini.

Phakathi kwazo, uhlobo lwasekhaya lwase-China i-UKADA seluvele lusungule isabelo semakethe esibalulekile e-China, ikakhulukazi ku-bio-i-fermentation kanye nezicelo zokudlulisa ukushisa okuyinkimbinkimbi. Inolwazi olunzulu lobunjiniyela ekuxazululeni izinselele zokudlulisa ukushisa ezihlanganisa{2}}i-viscosity ephezulu, engcoliswe kakhulu, kanye nezimo ezingalungile{3}}ezivamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-UKADA isungule amaqembu azinikele ezobuchwepheshe nawesevisi ezimakethe zaphesheya ukuze kuthuthukiswe isivinini sokuphendula kanye nekhwalithi yesevisi, iqinisekise ukuphela-ukuqeda{6}}ukuqeda ukusekelwa kusukela ekuklanyweni nasekukhethweni kuya ekusebenzeni nasekunakekeleni. Lokhu kwenza amakhasimende ehlise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, anciphise isikhathi sokuphumula, futhi athuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwawo wonke ngokusebenzisa izixazululo ezinokwethenjelwa zokudlulisa ukushisa.

Kusuka kumbono wembuyiselo yokutshalwa kwezimali, endaweni ejwayelekile yokuhluza uwoyela wesundu, uma ukuthuthukiswa kwesistimu yokushisa kufeza ukonga umusi oyithani elingu-1 ngehora, ngamahora okusebenza angu-8,000 ngonyaka kanye nezindleko zesitimu esingu-30 USD ngethani, ukonga konyaka kungafinyelela cishe ku-240,000 USD. Ukwengeza, ukwehlisa ukonakala kanye nesikhathi sokuphumula kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwesondlo nokukhiqiza.

Ngakho-ke, isikhathi esijwayelekile sokukhokha sokuthuthukiswa okunjalo ngokuvamile siphakathi konyaka ongu-1 kuya kwemi-2, okusenza sithandeke kakhulu ngokwezomnotho ezinsizeni zokukhiqiza eziqhubekayo.

Sekukonke, imboni kawoyela wesundu, njengomkhakha wokucubungula uwoyela we-viscosity ophezulu ovamile{0}ubeka izidingo eziqinile kuma-heaters ngokwemibandela{1}}yamandla okuphazamisa, ukuzinza nokusebenza kahle kwamandla. Izishintshi zokushisa ze-Spiral plate, ezinomklamo wazo oyingqayizivele wesiteshi sokugeleza,{3}}izici zokuzihlanza, nokugcinwa okuqinile, ziya ngokuya ziba yisixazululo esikhethwayo ezinhlelweni zokucwenga nokuhlukanisa.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezobuchwepheshe ngabakhiqizi baseShayina kuqhuba izinguquko eziqhubekayo endaweni yokuncintisana yomhlaba.